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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>27.8. abc — Abstract Base Classes — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="27. Python Runtime Services" href="python.html" /> <link rel="next" title="27.9. atexit — Exit handlers" href="atexit.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="27.7. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts" href="contextlib.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head> <body> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="atexit.html" title="27.9. atexit — Exit handlers" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="contextlib.html" title="27.7. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="python.html" accesskey="U">27. Python Runtime Services</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-abc"> <span id="abc-abstract-base-classes"></span><h1>27.8. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-abc" title="abc: Abstract base classes according to PEP 3119."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">abc</span></tt></a> — Abstract Base Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#module-abc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/2.7/Lib/abc.py">Lib/abc.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>This module provides the infrastructure for defining <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-abstract-base-class"><em class="xref std std-term">abstract base classes</em></a> (ABCs) in Python, as outlined in <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3119"><strong>PEP 3119</strong></a>; see the PEP for why this was added to Python. (See also <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3141"><strong>PEP 3141</strong></a> and the <a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#module-numbers" title="numbers: Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.)."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">numbers</span></tt></a> module regarding a type hierarchy for numbers based on ABCs.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></tt></a> module has some concrete classes that derive from ABCs; these can, of course, be further derived. In addition the <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#module-collections" title="collections: High-performance datatypes"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></tt></a> module has some ABCs that can be used to test whether a class or instance provides a particular interface, for example, is it hashable or a mapping.</p> <p>This module provides the following class:</p> <dl class="class"> <dt id="abc.ABCMeta"> <em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">abc.</tt><tt class="descname">ABCMeta</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#abc.ABCMeta" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Metaclass for defining Abstract Base Classes (ABCs).</p> <p>Use this metaclass to create an ABC. An ABC can be subclassed directly, and then acts as a mix-in class. You can also register unrelated concrete classes (even built-in classes) and unrelated ABCs as “virtual subclasses” – these and their descendants will be considered subclasses of the registering ABC by the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#issubclass" title="issubclass"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">issubclass()</span></tt></a> function, but the registering ABC won’t show up in their MRO (Method Resolution Order) nor will method implementations defined by the registering ABC be callable (not even via <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#super" title="super"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">super()</span></tt></a>). <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a></p> <p>Classes created with a metaclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#abc.ABCMeta" title="abc.ABCMeta"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ABCMeta</span></tt></a> have the following method:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="abc.ABCMeta.register"> <tt class="descname">register</tt><big>(</big><em>subclass</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#abc.ABCMeta.register" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Register <em>subclass</em> as a “virtual subclass” of this ABC. For example:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">abc</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ABCMeta</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyABC</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">__metaclass__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ABCMeta</span> <span class="n">MyABC</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">issubclass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MyABC</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">((),</span> <span class="n">MyABC</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <p>You can also override this method in an abstract base class:</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="abc.ABCMeta.__subclasshook__"> <tt class="descname">__subclasshook__</tt><big>(</big><em>subclass</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#abc.ABCMeta.__subclasshook__" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>(Must be defined as a class method.)</p> <p>Check whether <em>subclass</em> is considered a subclass of this ABC. This means that you can customize the behavior of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">issubclass</span></tt> further without the need to call <a class="reference internal" href="#abc.ABCMeta.register" title="abc.ABCMeta.register"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">register()</span></tt></a> on every class you want to consider a subclass of the ABC. (This class method is called from the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasscheck__()</span></tt> method of the ABC.)</p> <p>This method should return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NotImplemented</span></tt>. If it returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, the <em>subclass</em> is considered a subclass of this ABC. If it returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, the <em>subclass</em> is not considered a subclass of this ABC, even if it would normally be one. If it returns <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NotImplemented</span></tt>, the subclass check is continued with the usual mechanism.</p> </dd></dl> <p>For a demonstration of these concepts, look at this example ABC definition:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__getitem__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">index</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__len__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_iterator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyIterable</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">__metaclass__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ABCMeta</span> <span class="nd">@abstractmethod</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__iter__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_iterator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__iter__</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="nd">@classmethod</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__subclasshook__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cls</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">cls</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">MyIterable</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">any</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"__iter__"</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">B</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__dict__</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">B</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__mro__</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">True</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">NotImplemented</span> <span class="n">MyIterable</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Foo</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The ABC <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MyIterable</span></tt> defines the standard iterable method, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__iter__" title="object.__iter__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__()</span></tt></a>, as an abstract method. The implementation given here can still be called from subclasses. The <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_iterator()</span></tt> method is also part of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MyIterable</span></tt> abstract base class, but it does not have to be overridden in non-abstract derived classes.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#abc.ABCMeta.__subclasshook__" title="abc.ABCMeta.__subclasshook__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__subclasshook__()</span></tt></a> class method defined here says that any class that has an <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__iter__" title="object.__iter__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__()</span></tt></a> method in its <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></tt> (or in that of one of its base classes, accessed via the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">__mro__</span></tt> list) is considered a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MyIterable</span></tt> too.</p> <p>Finally, the last line makes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Foo</span></tt> a virtual subclass of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MyIterable</span></tt>, even though it does not define an <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__iter__" title="object.__iter__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__iter__()</span></tt></a> method (it uses the old-style iterable protocol, defined in terms of <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__len__" title="object.__len__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__len__()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__getitem__" title="object.__getitem__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__getitem__()</span></tt></a>). Note that this will not make <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_iterator</span></tt> available as a method of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Foo</span></tt>, so it is provided separately.</p> </dd></dl> <p>It also provides the following decorators:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="abc.abstractmethod"> <tt class="descclassname">abc.</tt><tt class="descname">abstractmethod</tt><big>(</big><em>function</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#abc.abstractmethod" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A decorator indicating abstract methods.</p> <p>Using this decorator requires that the class’s metaclass is <a class="reference internal" href="#abc.ABCMeta" title="abc.ABCMeta"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ABCMeta</span></tt></a> or is derived from it. A class that has a metaclass derived from <a class="reference internal" href="#abc.ABCMeta" title="abc.ABCMeta"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ABCMeta</span></tt></a> cannot be instantiated unless all of its abstract methods and properties are overridden. The abstract methods can be called using any of the normal ‘super’ call mechanisms.</p> <p>Dynamically adding abstract methods to a class, or attempting to modify the abstraction status of a method or class once it is created, are not supported. The <a class="reference internal" href="#abc.abstractmethod" title="abc.abstractmethod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">abstractmethod()</span></tt></a> only affects subclasses derived using regular inheritance; “virtual subclasses” registered with the ABC’s <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">register()</span></tt> method are not affected.</p> <p>Usage:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">C</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">__metaclass__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ABCMeta</span> <span class="nd">@abstractmethod</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_abstract_method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Unlike Java abstract methods, these abstract methods may have an implementation. This implementation can be called via the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#super" title="super"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">super()</span></tt></a> mechanism from the class that overrides it. This could be useful as an end-point for a super-call in a framework that uses cooperative multiple-inheritance.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="abc.abstractproperty"> <tt class="descclassname">abc.</tt><tt class="descname">abstractproperty</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>fget</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>fset</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>fdel</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>doc</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#abc.abstractproperty" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A subclass of the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#property" title="property"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">property()</span></tt></a>, indicating an abstract property.</p> <p>Using this function requires that the class’s metaclass is <a class="reference internal" href="#abc.ABCMeta" title="abc.ABCMeta"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ABCMeta</span></tt></a> or is derived from it. A class that has a metaclass derived from <a class="reference internal" href="#abc.ABCMeta" title="abc.ABCMeta"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ABCMeta</span></tt></a> cannot be instantiated unless all of its abstract methods and properties are overridden. The abstract properties can be called using any of the normal ‘super’ call mechanisms.</p> <p>Usage:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">C</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">__metaclass__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ABCMeta</span> <span class="nd">@abstractproperty</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_abstract_property</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>This defines a read-only property; you can also define a read-write abstract property using the ‘long’ form of property declaration:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">C</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">__metaclass__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ABCMeta</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">getx</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">setx</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">abstractproperty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getx</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">setx</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <p class="rubric">Footnotes</p> <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none"> <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>C++ programmers should note that Python’s virtual base class concept is not the same as C++’s.</td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="contextlib.html" title="previous chapter">27.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></tt> — Utilities for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt>-statement contexts</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="atexit.html" title="next chapter">27.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">atexit</span></tt> — Exit handlers</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/abc.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="atexit.html" title="27.9. atexit — Exit handlers" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="contextlib.html" title="27.7. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="python.html" >27. 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